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over here. Temple of Bel in — Palmyra, first and second centuries C. photo: ian, temple university essay. plumbCC BY 2. Described as a noble city situated in a vast expanse of sand and renowned temple university essay its rich soil and pleasant streams, the ancient city of Palmyra was a stopping point for caravans traversing the Syrian Desert Pliny the Elder Natural History 5. There is evidence that the site has been settled by people since the early second millennium B.
Known from ancient literary records—including Assyrian texts and the Hebrew Bible—Palmyra today is known as a unique and resplendent ruined city that preserves temple university essay examples of monumental, hybrid architecture that blends the canon of Graeco-Roman architecture with Near Eastern elements.
Palmyra, originally known as Tadmor, became a prosperous city under the Seleucid kings and was eventually annexed to the Roman empire after 64 B.
Under Tiberius emperor from C. the city was incorporated into the Roman province of Syria and assumed the name Palmyra. The city received the patronage of several Roman emperors and experienced great prosperity. The city suffered under the rise of the Sassanid dynasty of Persia. After the brief, revolutionary rise of queen Zenobia, the city was sacked by the Roman emperor Aurelian in C.
The monumental architectural remains of the city attest to its great prosperity during its heyday. Among the many surviving monuments of Palmyra is the remarkable temple of the Semitic god Bel or Baal top of page. A discussion of its architectural features demonstrates both the plurality of artistic and architectural styles in temple university essay ancient Mediterranean, and the numerous cultures that frequently overlapped and inter-mixed there.
Columns in the inner court of the temple of Bel in photo: ian. the architecture requires the celebrant to enter the temple and turn 90 degrees in order to view the offering table and cult area.
In its outward appearance, the temple seems to derive from the canon of Hellenistic Greek architecture. The temple itself sits within a bounded, architectural precinct measuring approximately meters per side. This precinct, surrounded by a portico a colonnaded entrywayencloses the temple of Bel as well as other cult buildings. The temple itself has a very deep foundation that supports a stepped platform.
At the level of the stylobate the platform atop the steps the area measures 55 x 30 meters and the cella the inner chamber of the temple that held the cult statuestands over 14 meters in height temple university essay measures The cella is designed according to the Near Eastern tradition of the bent-axis approach and incorporates two separate shrines thalamoi.
A ramp and central stair, temple university essay, with an off-center doorway, grants access to the cella. The cella also has exterior Ionic half-columns at each of its ends. Merlons temple university essay crowded the roof and the ceilings were coffered.
The temple is dedicated to a divine triad, Bel along with the moon god Aglibol and the sun god Yarhibol. Carved stone ceiling, cella, Sanctuary of Bel, Palmyra, Syria photo: John WinderCC BY-NC 2.
Front view of triumphal or monumental arch at Palmyra, Syria photo: Erik HermansCC BY 2. The Temple of Bel is one of the great architectural achievements of the Mediterranean world during the early first millennium, temple university essay.
As an architectural product it draws on rich, canonical forms derived from both the Graeco-Roman and Near Eastern spheres and its technical aesthetics are of the first order. Along with temples such as that of Heliopolitan Zeus at Baalbek, the Palmyrene temple demonstrates the massive civic investment in monumental architecture, temple university essay.
Clearly Palmyra was prosperous, temple university essay, allowing its elites to invest heavily in elaborate architecture—all the same this civic investment was also central to the Mediterranean concept of urbanism where presentation architecture helped to define and advance the status of the city itself. The hybridity of the Temple of Bel further demonstrates that ancient Palmyra was a multi-cultural community and that while the cult and its function adhered to Semitic practice, the execution of the temple in the Graeco-Roman style spoke the architectural lingua franca of the expansive Roman empire.
Palmyra, UNESCO video. Palmyra photo album on Flickr from the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. The Divine Triad at the Louvre. Palmyra, UNESCO World Heritage Site. Pleiades Project: Palmyra, Tadmora or Hadrianopolis Palmyra. Andrade, Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Warwick Ball, Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire London: Routledge, Trevor Bryce, Ancient Syria: a Three Thousand Year History Oxford University Press, Collart and J.
Vicari, Le Sanctuaire de Baalshamin à Palmyre: Topographie et architecture2 vols Rome: Institut Suisse de Rome, Malcolm A. Dirven, The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria Religions in the Graeco-Roman World Leiden: Brill, Gates, Ancient Cities: the Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome, 2nd edition London: Routledge, à la fin du Haut-Empiretemple university essay, Paris: Picard, Nigel Pollard, Soldiers, temple university essay, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Seyrig, R.
Amy and E. Will, temple university essay, Le Temple de Bel à Palmyre, 2 vols Paris: Geuthner, Smith, Temple university essay, Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation New York: Oxford University Press, Starcky and M. Wiegand et al. Keller, Will, Les Palmyréniens: la Venise des sables: Ier siècle avant-IIIème siècle après J. Paris: A. Colin, Sign up for our newsletter! Receive occasional emails about new Smarthistory content. Location of Palmyra within Syria. Plan of the site of Palmyra.
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